Four Pistacia atlantica subspecies (atlantica, cabulica, kurdica and mutica): A review of their botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Pistacia atlantica (wild pistachio) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, and growing from Mediterranean basin central Asia, especially in Iran, Turkey, Iraq Saudi Arabia where it is extensively used traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related relieving upper abdominal discomfort pain, dyspepsia peptic ulcer. Despite diverse biological activities P. atlantica, there no current review summarizing medicinal properties its subspecies, including cabulica, kurdica mutica. Thus, this paper aims explore understanding chemical, pharmacological, biochemical extracts main active constituents found each subspecies plant. Peer-reviewed articles, using “Pistacia atlantica” as search term (?all fields?), were retrieved Scifinder, Pubmed, Science direct, Wiley, Springer, ACS, Scielo, Web other web instruments (Google Scholar, Yahoo search). Papers published until July 2020 are considered. In addition, various books consulted that contained botanical ethnopharmacological information. The information provided based on peer-reviewed papers English French. Phytochemical studies have shown presence numerous valuable compounds, volatile flavonoids, phenolic fatty acids, tocopherols phytosterols. contains also minerals trace elements, like iron, lead, copper, potassium, sodium calcium; oleic, linoleic, palmitic acid; fat-soluble vitamins, such ?, ?, ? ? tocopherols; phytosterols, betasitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol ?5-avenasterol. Crude isolated compounds show pharmacological properties, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, wound healing, anticancer, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, urease inhibition, antihypertension, nipple fissure antileishmanial antiplasmodial activities. However, reports bioactivity, therapeutic value, roles played by phytoconstituents. Many uses now been confirmed pharmacologic research. Systematic phytochemical investigation mechanisms action toxicology, illustrate their ethnomedicinal use, potential support further health-care product development, will undoubtedly be focus Therefore, detailed extensive clinical evaluation should carried out future safety approval applications.